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The book "Blockchain and AI in Cyber Physical System (CPS)"
explores the intersection of blockchain technology, artificial
intelligence (AI), and cyber physical systems (CPS). It discusses
how these technologies can be integrated to create secure and
efficient CPS solutions. The book covers various topics, including
the basics of blockchain and AI, their applications in CPS, and the
challenges of integrating these technologies. It also explores
real-world examples of how blockchain and AI are being used in CPS,
such as in smart cities, transportation systems, and healthcare.
The authors delve into the technical aspects of how blockchain and
AI can be used together to enhance CPS security, data privacy, and
interoperability. They also discuss the potential benefits and
limitations of these technologies and provide insights into the
future of CPS. Overall, this book provides a comprehensive overview
of the use of blockchain and AI in CPS, making it a valuable
resource for researchers, professionals, and students in the fields
of computer science, engineering, and cybersecurity.
With the evolution of technology and sudden growth in the number of
smart vehicles, traditional Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs) face
several technical challenges in deployment and management due to
less flexibility, scalability, poor connectivity, and inadequate
intelligence. VANETs have raised increasing attention from both
academic research and industrial aspects resulting from their
important role in driving assistant system. Vehicular Ad Hoc
Networks focuses on recent advanced technologies and applications
that address network protocol design, low latency networking,
context-aware interaction, energy efficiency, resource management,
security, human-robot interaction, assistive technology and robots,
application development, and integration of multiple systems that
support Vehicular Networks and smart interactions. Simulation is a
key tool for the design and evaluation of Intelligent Transport
Systems (ITS) that take advantage of communication-capable vehicles
in order to provide valuable safety, traffic management, and
infotainment services. It is widely recognized that simulation
results are only significant when realistic models are considered
within the simulation tool chain. However, quite often research
works on the subject are based on simplistic models unable to
capture the unique characteristics of vehicular communication
networks. The support that different simulation tools offer for
such models is discussed, as well as the steps that must be
undertaken to fine-tune the model parameters in order to gather
realistic results. Moreover, the book provides handy hints and
references to help determine the most appropriate tools and models.
This book will promote best simulation practices in order to obtain
accurate results.
Features Provide a state-of-the-art description of the
physiological, biochemical, and molecular status of the
understanding of abiotic stress in plants. Addressing factors that
are threatening future food production and providing potential
solutions of these factors. Design to cater to the needs of those
students engaged in the field of environmental sciences, soil
sciences, agricultural microbiology, plant pathology, and agronomy.
New strategies have pointed in this book for the better crop
productivity and yield. Understanding of new techniques pointed out
in this book will open the possibility of genetic engineering in
crop plants with the concomitant improved stress tolerance.
There are many current threats to the citrus industry, this is a
timely effort to publish a book covering recent challenges and
progress to their approaches to improve conditions. This book is
useful to researchers, academicians, scientists to enhance and
boost their knowledge for further research on citrus. There are few
reviews and books dealing with various aspects of citrus industry.
Existing publications are over 10 years old and do not have recent
updated knowledge of citrus industry. Global appeal - Citrus is
mainly produced commercially in 140 countries, primary producers
are Brazil, China, United States, and Mexico.
This book provides insights into recent developments in the use of
mulching in agroecosystems with emphasis on the major pros and
cons. Increase in human population, climatic changes and
agricultural intensification have put enormous pressure on soil and
water resources. As a result, we are confronted with challenges to
enhance nutrient and water use efficiencies and conserve soil
organic matter without compromising crop yields and food security.
Increasing the soil organic matter (SOM) via residue return
increased nutrient availability and soil physical and biological
properties. Management practices, such as straw mulching or
incorporation, have significant effects on soil health. Straw
addition also increases functionality related to carbon and N
metabolism via increasing the microbes and thus greatly contributes
to CO2 and N2O emissions. However, the co-use of organic and
inorganic fertilizer reduces the N2O emission without compromising
crop yield. Mulching has long been advocated to conserve soil
moisture and increase the efficiency of macro- and micro-nutrients
by improving soil physical, chemical, and biological properties.
These effects of mulch are translated into better crop yields while
improving soil health and quality in the long run. Therefore, the
use of mulching techniques is on the rise in organic as well as
conventional agriculture. The book is of great interest for
researchers, academics, agriculture extensionists, soil and plant
scientist, fertilizer industry, farmers, agro-industrial workers,
farm managers, NGOs, and climate and civil society activists.
Biomedical Engineering Tools for Management of Patients with
COVID-19 presents biomedical engineering tools under research (and
in development) that can be used for the management of COVID-19
patients, along with BME tools in the global environment that
curtail and prevent the spread of the virus. BME tools covered in
the book include new disinfectants and sterilization equipment,
testing devices for rapid and accurate COVID-19 diagnosis, Internet
of Things applications in COVID-19 hospitals, analytics, Data
Science and statistical modeling applied to COVID-19 tracking,
Smart City instruments and applications, and more. Later sections
discuss smart tools in telemedicine and e-health. Biomedical
engineering tools can provide engineers, computer scientists,
clinicians and other policymakers with solutions for managing
patient treatment, applying data analysis techniques, and applying
tools to help the general population curtail spread of the virus.
The work presented concerns the preparation, characterization and
biological evaluation of Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff
bases derived from amoxycillin, cephalexin, sulphamethoxazole and
trimethoprim, and salicylalde-hyde and pyridoxal. In these
complexes an amino group available in the drug substances was
allowed to react with salicylaldehyde and pyridoxal hydrochloride,
separately, to obtain Schiff bases which were, subsequently,
reacted with Cu(CH3COO)2. H2O and/or Zn(CH3COO)2.2H2O to form
Schiff base metal complexes. The ligands and the complexes were
characterized by microanalytical, thermogravimetric, magnetic and
spectroscopic data. The geometry of the Zn(II) complexes appears to
be simple square-pyramidal or octahedral. All the compounds under
investigation possess antibacterial activity. The antibacterial
activity showed the following trend: Cu(II)-complexes >
Zn(II)-complexes > Schiff base ligands > parent xxvi drugs.
The Cu(II)-complexes with the Schiff bases derived from cephalexin
showed substantially enhanced activity against P. aeruginosa as
compared with the parent drug.
The dog amongst all the animals has proved to be the man's best
friend and faithful companion because of its fidelity, loyalty,
obedience and pleasant disposition. Dogs appeared on the earth
about 20 million years ago (Sharma et al., 1993). The dog's stomach
is a sac-like structure designed to store large volumes of food and
begin the digestive process. Once eaten, most food leaves the
stomach within twelve hours after entering. The esophagus carries
food to the stomach, where it enters via a valve-like structure
called the cardiac sphincter. On the interior surface of the
stomach is a series of folds called gastric folds. These folds
function to help grind and digest food. The inner stomach lining
secretes acids and enzymes to break food down as the initial step
in the digestive process. Once the initial stomach digestive
process is complete, the partially digested food exits the stomach
through the pyloric sphincter area and then enters the duodenum
(small intestine).
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of
biological control of sugarcane stem borer (Chilo infuscatellus
Snellen) with an egg parasite Trichogramma chilonis in sugarcane
crop. Experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design
with five treatments i.e. (T1; 30,000eggs/acre, T2;
40,000eggs/acre, T3; 50,000, T4; 60,000 eggs per acre and T5;
Control) having three replications each. Experiment was conducted
at Chack No.109 G.B. near Jaranwala, District Faisalabad, Punjab.
Data regarding mean infestation was recorded at the same time from
the control plot and from the biologically treated plots at
fortnightly intervals starting from July 15, 2005 to October 15,
2005. The results revealed that the infestation of sugarcane stem
borer was reduced up to 84% when Trichogramma chilonis eggs were
applied at the rate of 60,000 eggs per acre. So it is concluded
that Trichogramma chilonis (Egg parasitized) can successfully be
used for the suppression of sugarcane stem borer.
Digital Electronics compact notes provide a clear and comprehensive
understanding on digital fundamental such as analog and digital
signals, number systems, digital codes, logic gates, boolean
algebras, Karnaugh map, combinational logic circuit design, MSI
circuits, latches, flip-flops, counters, registers, semiconductor
memories and integrated circuit technology. Figures and diagrams
are included to assist reader's in analysing and understanding the
subject. Several examples throughout the text have been prepared
with selected working solutions
Tracking System has great importance in intelligent system and has
a wide scope. Enormous researches are going to make such systems
that are more reliable and accurate. The theory of our project is
to trace the path of a smart flying object. Therefore, in order to
trace the flying path, we will be using high speed CCTV cameras
interfaced with PC and captures the real time video of the flying
object and continuously transmit to the PC where video is processed
for recognition in MATLAB's image processing tool box. After image
processing, the centroid of the object is plotted. This plot will
be used to target and lock the motors circuitry to that object. The
path followed by a smart flying object (For e.g. A Bee) during its
normal flight is probabilistically random. A bee can take any place
in the 3-D space which is not deterministic by an independent
observer at all. The main theme of the project is to track the real
time movement of the object using Image Processing Techniques as a
tool for recognition of that object which in turn will be used to
target and lock the camera to that object.
Depletion of natural forests in mountainous areas of Pakistan is
one of the most serious environmental issues. Despite being the
implementation of numerous development and extension projects to
protect and develop forests, the rate of forest depletion is still
very high in Pakistan. The failure of forest related projects in
meeting their intended objectives calls for investigating the
causes of the ineffectiveness of these projects. Thus, the study
aimed to analyse the stakeholders' roles and interactions viz.,
implementing agencies, donor agencies, implementing collaborates
and beneficiaries of forest related projects. The objectives were:
1) to identify major stakeholders at multiple levels in the context
of forest related development projects; 2) to assess the
perceptions of stakeholders regarding poverty environment nexus; 3)
to identify the interactions among different organizations and
actors in terms of activities and institutions; 4) to asses sphere
of influence of involved stakeholders and the objectives pursued by
them with regard to poverty and to environment.
The present investigations were made effect the effect of NPK
application in different proportions on the growth and yield of two
maize varieties (Zea Mays L.). The research was conducted on a
sandy loam soil at the Agronomic Research Area, University of
Agriculture, Faisalabad. Experiment was laid out in Randomized
Complete Block Design (factorial) with a net plot size of 3X5m.
Different levels of NPK were 0-0-0 (F0), 100-50-35 (F1), 175-80-60
(F2), and 250- 110-85 (F3) kg per ha. Two maize varieties, Golden
(V1) and Sultan (V2) were used as source of trial. The crop was
sown on well prepared seed bed keeping R X R distance 60 cm and P X
P distance at 23 cm. The whole of the phosphorus and potash along
with half of nitrogen fertilizers in form of DAP, Sulphate of
potash and Urea respectively, were applied at sowing and the
remaining amount of nitrogen fertilizer was applied at tasseling
stage of the plant. All other cultural practices were kept normal
and uniform in all the treatments. The data on desired parameters
were collected by using standard procedures.
Agriculture plays a key role in the economy of Pakistan with its
share nearly one-fourth to GDP. The growth of production in
agriculture largely depends on the transfer of technology to the
farming community. The present study was designed to determine the
effectiveness of public sector extension after decentralization in
district Muzaffargarh. For this purpose all the extension staff
working in the Department of Agricultural Extension served as study
respondents. The data were collected with the help of a pre-tested
interview schedule.
The study was conducted on bio-ecology and management of mango
mealybug Drosicha mangiferae (Green) in mango orchards of Punjab
Pakistan. It was found that the Chaunsa' cultivar was the most
susceptible to mango mealybug followed by 'Fajri', 'Langra' and
'Black Chaunsa, whereas 'Dusehri' was resistant. Irrigation was the
major source of flare up of the pest as viewed by the majority of
the respondents. The practices like hoeing, ploughing, irrigation,
removal of weeds, grease bands and insecticides were adapted by the
respondents with variable results. With chemical analysis maximum
carbohydrates contents were observed in the cultivar 'Chaunsa'
(susceptible to the pest), whereas minimum carbohydrates contents
were observed in the cultivar 'Tukhmi' resistant to the pest. The
maximum decrease in number of fruits was recorded 11 percent on
cultivar 'Anwar Ratul', whereas 'Langra' cultivar showed minimum
decrease in number of fruits i.e., 3 percent over untreated trees.
The study was conducted to determine the optimum protein level for
laying hens during its third production cycle ad its effects on the
production performance and egg quality. 36 White Leghorn single
comb commercial layers of Euribred strains of uniform body weight
were randomly selected. The birds were divided into 9 experimental
units randomly. Each unit contained four birds. Moult was induced
by 10 days fasting and three days water deprivation, followed by
feeding crushed maize grains for 25 days on skip a day basis. 3
isocaloric rations containing 15.5, 17.0 and 18.5% crude protein
were allotted to the birds randomly so that each treatment contains
3 replicates & fed for eight weeks to hens during their post
moult egg production period. Data on egg production, feed
consumption and body weight of hens were collected and physical
characteristics of eggs (weight, shell thickness, haugh unit valve,
yolk index, blood and meat spots) and chemical analysis of egg
albumen with respect to protein contents, amino acid profile, macro
minerals (Na, K, Ca, CI) and micro mineral (Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu) of egg
albumen as well as yolk were determined during this period.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important food
grain crop grown in the world. It ranks first in the world cereal
crops accounting for 30% of all cereal food worldwide and is a
staple food for over 10 billion people in as many as 43 countries
of the world. It provides about 20% of the total food calories for
the human race (S.R. Reddy 2004). It is also a significant source
of carbohydrates and nutrition both for human beings and animals.
Its straw constitute an essential part of livestock feed as well as
for paper making. Due to its immense and multipurpose use in daily
life, the Prosperity and well being of pakistan depends upon good
harvest of wheat. In view of the importance of the irrigation and
nitrogen for crop production present study is planned with the
following objectives. 1. To determine the optimum water and
nitrogen requirement of the wheat crop. 2. To identify the growth
stages in wheat more sensitive to water deficit conditions. 3. To
determine the effect of different levels of irrigation and nitrogen
on growths, radiation use efficiency (RUE) and yield of wheat.
Globally, Pakistan is the 4th largest milk producing country
contributing about Rs.540 billion per annum to the national
economy.Buffaloes(30.8 million)and cattle (34.3 million) are the
principal dairy animals contributing about 65 and 30% respectively
towards national milk supply.More than 70 % dairy animals are owned
by farmers having herd size of 1-10 animals.They produce more than
80% of market milk supply.The demand for livestock products is
likely to increase due to increasing human population growth,
urbanization and increase in the per capita income in
country.Animals productivity is far below than their actual genetic
potential chiefly due to poor husbandry of dairy animals, limited
health coverage, limited small farmers access to credit facilities
etc. Rural communities in general and small farmers particularly
suffer the most, getting low return from their farms
produce.Moreover, escalating inflation in the country has further
exaggerated the situation, therefore the present project was
planned focusing small farmers.
Petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil
is processed and refined into more useful petroleum products, such
as gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and
liquefied petroleum gas, it consist of several units which have
great importance such as Heat exchanger trains, Pre flash tower,
Crude distillation tower and Vacuum distillation.It is important to
size and design distillation tower properly and expertly to get
desire products of petroleum with their required specifications.
This report work is divided in to seven chapters. First three
chapters discuss about introduction, history and main process which
are carried out in refinery. Chapter four discuss important factors
which have sound impact on distillation operation, chapter five
discusses about the Designing of crude distillation tower for 6000
BPSD production. Chapter six and seven Discuss about selection of
necessary equipments used in fuel refinery such as pumps, heat
exchangers, valves etc. And lastly the utilities require for plant
operation.
The Energy Charter Treaty is a multilateral teaty providing
legal/regulatory framework enabling trade, transit and efficiency
in energy products, materials and services. The Energy Charter
Treaty envisages energy market restructuring and provides legal
safeguards to investment, transit and trade of energy sources
including oil, gas, coal, uranium, electricity and renewable energy
among the participating states. The importance of ECT increases
with the level of export and import dependence of each
participating states as is the case of most of Asian countries.
Ever increasing membership of ECT indicates its effectiveness for
protection of investment and facilitation of trade and transit
across borders. In a nutshell,the ECT has developed into an
international organization carrying considerable weight in
facilitiation of international energy trade and resolution of
energy trade disputes.
History tells that every human being desire to foresee, comprehend
and ultimately explore the future. Multi-step ahead forecasting is
a challenging research area due to propagation of forecasting
errors with the increase of forecasting steps. Two interesting
architectures based on nearest neighbor method are proposed.
Importance of selection criteria in nearest neighbor search plays
an important role in multi-step ahead forecasting. Effect of
up-sampling of time series and change of effective embedding
dimension on the forecasting errors is studied in detail. Effect of
five interpolation schemes for up-sampling and comparison of three
distance metrics for nearest neighbor search on forecasting
performance is also included. A hybrid selection criterion of
nearest neighbor with avoidance of biasing is found to be very
effective in multi-step ahead forecasting. In the end,
predictability analysis of proposed algorithms on ten benchmark
time series highlight the effectiveness of the forecasting
algorithms in the scenarios of series collected from different
kinds of dynamic systems. This book is based on the PhD work of Mr.
Rahat Abbas.
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